Experimental Physics : Principles and Practice for the Laboratory.
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | eBook |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Milton :
Taylor & Francis Group,
2020.
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| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | View fulltext via EzAccess |
Table of Contents:
- Cover
- Half Title
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Table of Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Part I Fundamentals
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Planning and Carrying Out Experiments
- 2.1 Literature Research
- 2.2 Reading Scientific Papers
- 2.3 Experimental Design
- 2.4 Modeling
- 2.5 Important Guidelines for Conducting Experiments
- Preparation
- Safety
- Pilot Testing
- Taking Data
- 2.6 Lab Notebooks
- 2.7 Troubleshooting
- 3 Presenting Your Results
- 3.1 The Process of Scientific Communication
- 3.2 Data Visualization
- Graphs
- Images
- Diagrams
- 3.3 Writing Scientific Papers
- 3.4 Preparing, Delivering, and Listening to Talks
- Listening to Talks
- 3.5 Preparing and Presenting Posters
- 4 Uncertainty and Statistics
- 4.1 Random vs. Systematic Errors
- Accuracy vs. Precision
- Where Do These Systematic Errors Come From?
- 4.2 Methods of Determining Uncertainty
- Instrumental Uncertainty
- Multiple Trials
- 4.3 Standard Error of the Mean and Probability Distributions
- 4.3.1 Sample vs Population and the Gaussian Distribution
- 4.3.2 Standard Deviation vs. Standard Error of the Mean
- 4.3.3 Other Distributions
- 4.3.4 Median and Mode
- 4.4 Confidence Intervals
- 4.5 Student's t-Distribution
- 4.6 Significant Figures
- 4.7 Quantitative Comparisons, or How Not to Be Misled by Error Bars
- 4.8 Propagating Errors
- Direct Substitution
- Linear Approximation
- Multiple Error Contributions
- Addition in Quadrature
- 4.9 More of the Instrumental Uncertainty Method, Including "Absolute Tolerance"
- 4.10 Parameter Fitting
- 4.11 Measurement Errors and χ2 (also known as chi square)
- Interpreting χ2
- Fitting Routines and How to Make Them Work for You
- Outliers and Outlier Rejection
- 4.12 What to Do When Something Goes Wrong
- 4.13 Homework Problems
- Acknowledgment
- 5 Scientific Ethics.
- 5.1 A Brief Overview of Scientific Ethics
- 5.2 FFP: The Cardinal Sins
- 5.3 Data Ethics
- 5.4 Publishing and Credit
- 5.5 Academia
- 5.6 Equality and Equity
- 5.7 Financial Considerations
- 5.8 Safety
- 5.9 Communication
- 5.10 Regulations
- 5.11 Choice of Research
- Part II Tools of an Experimentalist
- 6 Analog Electronics
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Input and Output Impedance: Part 1
- Motivation, Voltage Dividers
- Introduction
- What Is an Ideal Battery?
- Ground vs. Common, Behavior of Real Batteries with "No Load" vs. with Rload
- Definition of Output Impedance
- How to Measure Output Impedance
- Generalization of Output Impedance, Perfect Buffers
- Functional Blocks, the Scientific Debugging Process
- Input Impedance
- An Example of Complex Input Impedance
- Combining the Ideas of Input and Output Impedance: Loading Effects
- How to Measure Input Impedance
- 6.3 Input and Output Impedance: Part 2
- How to Calculate Input Impedance by Looking at a Schematic Diagram
- How to Calculate Output Impedance by Looking at a Schematic Diagram
- Back to Our Motivational Example
- Other Examples, Application to Debugging
- Input and Output Impedance of Filters
- 6.4 Amplifier Fundamentals
- 6.5 Capacitively Coupled Interference
- 6.6 Common vs. Ground, Inductively Coupled Interference, and Ground Loops
- Common vs. Ground
- Single-Ended vs. Differential Amplifiers
- Inductively Coupled Interference
- Background
- Interference in a Circuit
- How to Minimize It
- Ground Loops
- 6.7 Noise
- Noise Amplitude
- Combining Noise Sources
- Fourier Spectral Characteristics of Noise
- 6.8 Negative Feedback and Op Amps
- 6.9 Bode Plots and Oscillations from the Feedback Loop
- 6.10 Simulation of Analog Circuits
- Lab 6A Input and Output Impedance Revisited, Surprising Effects of Capacitance
- Introduction.
- Lab 6B Intermediate-level Scope Mastery
- Introduction
- Lab 6C Introduction to Amplifiers, Capacitively Coupled Interference, and Feedback Oscillations
- Introduction
- Lab 6D Inductively Coupled Interference and Ground Loops
- Lab 6E Amplifier Noise and Introduction to LabVIEW
- Part 1: DC Offsets and Amplifier Noise
- Part 2: Introduction to LabVIEW
- Lab 6F Lock-In Amplifiers
- Introduction and Background
- Experimental Procedure
- Lab 6G Introduction to Op Amps
- Lab 6H More on Op Amps
- 6.11 Homework Problems
- 7 Fundamentals of Interfacing Experiments with Computers
- 7.1 Introduction: The Difference between Digital and Analog
- Approaches to Interfacing
- 7.2 Sampling Rate, Resolution, and the Importance of Analog Amplification
- 7.3 The Nyquist Frequency, Aliasing, Windowing, and Experimental Fourier Analysis
- Aliasing
- Windowing
- 7.4 Preview of the Arduino
- 8 Digital Electronics
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Truth Tables
- 8.3 Gates
- 8.3.1 Basic Gates
- 8.3.2 Multi-Gate Circuits
- 8.3.3 CMOS Logic Gates
- 8.4 Boolean Algebra
- 8.4.1 Variables
- 8.4.2 Operators
- 8.4.3 Expressions
- 8.4.4 Algebraic Relations
- 8.5 Logic Design
- 8.5.1 Sum-of-Products
- 8.5.2 Product-of-Sums
- 8.6 Common Logic Functions
- 8.6.1 Coders/Decoders
- 8.7 Arithmetic Logic
- 8.7.1 Half-Adder
- 8.7.2 The Full-Adder
- 8.8 Sequential Logic
- 8.8.1 The Flip-Flop
- 8.8.2 Switch De-Bouncing with the Flip-Flop
- 8.8.3 Simple Counters
- 8.9 Synchronous Logic
- 8.9.1 Describing Synchronous Systems
- 8.9.2 Designing Synchronous Circuits with D-Type Flip-Flops
- 8.9.3 Excluded States in Synchronous Logic
- 8.9.4 External Inputs
- 8.9.5 Resetting Synchronous Circuits
- 8.10 Introduction to Verilog
- Lab 8A Digital Logic
- 8A.1 Combinatorial Logic
- 8A.2 Sequential Logic
- 8A.3 Synchronous Sequential Machines.
- Lab 8B Controlling the World with Arduino
- Lab 8C Interfacing an Experiment with Arduino
- Lab 8D Arduino Motor Control
- Lab 8E Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs)
- 9 Data Acquisition and Experiment Control with Python
- Learning Goals
- 9.1 Overview
- 9.1.1 Automation Technologies
- 9.1.2 What This Chapter Is Really About
- 9.2 Safety Precautions
- 9.2.1 Automation Risks
- 9.3 Python: An Introduction and Primer
- 9.3.1 Programming Best Practices
- 9.3.2 Self-Guided Python Tutorial
- 9.3.3 Working with Python Files
- 9.4 Warm-up Experiment
- 9.4.1 Materials
- 9.4.2 Complete Warm-Up Experiment
- 9.5 Experiment
- 9.5.1 Materials
- 9.5.2 Hardware Limitations
- 9.5.3 Experimental Setup
- 9.5.4 Understanding LabJack Streaming
- 9.5.5 Plan the Software Workflow
- 9.5.6 Create Automation Script
- 9.5.7 Performing Useful Science with Your Experimental System
- 9.6 Advanced Lab: Leverage the PLACE Framework
- 9.7 Homework Problems
- 10 Basic Optics Techniques and Hardware
- 10.1 Laser Safety
- 10.2 Lasers
- 10.3 Optical Hardware
- Optical Tables and Breadboards
- Posts, Postholders, and Pedestals
- 10.4 Optical Elements
- Lenses
- Mirrors
- Neutral Density Filters
- Beamsplitters
- Polarizers and Waveplates
- 10.5 Beam Expanders
- 10.6 Alignment
- 10.7 Protection, Storage, and Cleaning
- 10.8 Organization
- Labeling
- Storage
- Tools Organization
- Lab 10A The Quantum Eraser, Simple Version
- 10A.1 Introduction
- Classical Polarization and Interference
- Quantum Polarization and Interference
- 10A.2 Precision Optical Alignments
- Walking the Beam
- Aligning a Laser with the Grid of Holes
- 10A.3 Mach-Zender Interferometer and the Quantum Eraser
- Insert Polarizing Beam Splitter Cube and Align the Beam with the Table
- Insert Mirrors 3 and 4, and Align the Beams.
- Insert NPBS cube and Align the Beams with the Table
- Adding the Final Polarizer
- Understanding Interference, and the "Quantum Eraser"
- 11 Laser Beams, Polarization, and Interference
- 11.1 Introduction
- Learning Goals
- Additional Reading
- Pre-Lab Questions
- 11.2 Polarization
- Lab 11A Polarization and Jones Vectors
- 11A.1 Optical Activity
- 11A.2 Quarter Wave Plates
- 11A.3 Circular Polarizer
- 11A.4 Elliptical Polarization
- 11A.5 Brewster's Angle and s- and p-Polarizations
- 11.3 Gaussian Beams
- Lab 11B Laser Beams
- 11B.1 Focusing a Beam and f-Number
- 11B.2 The Airy Pattern and How to Clean Up a Beam
- 11B.3 The Mathematical Structure of Gaussian Beams
- 12 Vacuum
- 12.1 Introduction
- 13 Particle Detection
- 13.1 Introduction to Radioactivity
- 13.1.1 Introduction
- 13.1.2 Activity
- Concept Tests
- 13.1.3 Safety
- 13.2 Detecting Radiation
- 13.2.1 GM Tubes1,
- Concept Test
- 13.2.2 Scintillator-Based Detectors1,9
- Concept Test
- 13.3 Interactions with Matter
- Concept Test
- 13.4 Counting Statistics
- Concept Test
- 13.5 Homework Problems
- Lab 13A Experiment on Counting Statistics
- 13A.1 Objectives
- 13A.2 Safety
- 13A.3 Experiments
- 13A.3.1 Background Measurement
- 13A.3.2 Poisson and Gaussian Distributions
- 13A.3.3 Measurement of GM Tube Dead Time
- 13A.3.4 Measuring Count Rate vs. Distance
- 13A.3.5 Measuring Count Rate vs. Absorber Thickness
- Part III Fields of Physics
- 14 Development and Supervision of Independent Projects
- 14.1 Introduction
- 14.2 Project Proposal
- 14.2.1 Research Goals
- 14.2.2 Literature Review
- 14.2.3 Work Plan
- 14.2.4 Equipment and Infrastructure
- 14.2.5 Summary
- 14.3 Additional Elements to Consider for an Independent Project
- 14.3.1 Navigating Group Dynamics
- 14.3.2 Weekly Planning
- 14.3.3 Troubleshooting
- 14.3.4 Summary.
- 15 Condensed Matter Physics.