Clinical Biochemistry E-Book : An Illustrated Colour Text.
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Other Authors: | , |
| Format: | eBook |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Philadelphia :
Elsevier,
2018.
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| Edition: | 6th ed. |
| Series: | Illustrated Colour Text Ser.
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | View fulltext via EzAccess |
Table of Contents:
- Front Cover
- Inside Front Cover
- Clinical Biochemistry
- Copyright Page
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Table Of Contents
- 1 Introducing clinical biochemistry
- 1 The clinical biochemistry laboratory
- The use of biochemical tests
- Core biochemistry
- Specialised tests
- Urgent samples
- Automation and computerisation
- Test repertoire
- Laboratory personnel
- 2 The use of the laboratory
- Specimen collection
- Blood specimens
- Urine specimens
- High-risk specimens
- Sampling errors
- Analysing the specimen
- Timing
- Unnecessary testing
- 3 Interpretation of results
- How biochemical results are expressed
- Units
- Reference intervals
- Biological factors affecting 'normality'
- Health versus disease
- 4 Interpretation of results
- Diagnostic test outcomes
- The impact of prevalence on test utility
- Final thoughts
- 5 Interpretation of results
- Sources of variation
- Pre-analytical variation
- Analytical variation
- Biological variation
- Other biological variation
- 6 Analytical aspects
- Precision and accuracy
- Analytical sensitivity and specificity
- Quality assurance
- 2 Core biochemistry
- 7 Fluid and electrolytes
- Body fluid compartments
- Evaluation of hydration
- Osmolality
- Oncotic pressure
- 8 Water and sodium balance
- Water
- AVP and the regulation of osmolality
- Sodium
- Aldosterone
- Atrial natriuretic peptide
- Regulation of volume
- 9 Hyponatraemia
- Mechanisms of hyponatraemia
- Water retention
- Sodium loss
- Sodium depletion - a word of caution
- Pseudohyponatraemia
- 10 Hyponatraemia
- Clinical assessment
- Severity
- Mechanism
- History
- Clinical examination
- Biochemistry
- Oedema
- Treatment
- 11 Hypernatraemia
- Water loss
- Sodium gain
- Clinical features
- Treatment
- Other osmolality disorders
- 12 Hyperkalaemia.
- Serum potassium and potassium balance
- Hyperkalaemia
- Decreased excretion
- Redistribution out of cells
- Increased intake
- Treatment
- Pseudohyperkalaemia
- 13 Hypokalaemia
- Diagnosis
- Redistribution into cells
- Increased losses
- Gastrointestinal
- Urinary
- Investigation
- Treatment
- 14 Intravenous fluid therapy
- Does this patient need IV fluids?
- Which IV fluids should be given?
- How much fluid should be given?
- Existing losses
- Anticipated losses
- How quickly should the fluids be given?
- Perioperative patient
- How should the fluid therapy be monitored?
- 15 Investigation of renal function (1)
- Functions of the kidney
- Glomerular function
- Serum creatinine
- Estimated GFR (eGFR)
- Other ways of measuring GFR
- Creatinine clearance
- Proteinuria
- Endocrine aspects
- 16 Investigation of renal function (2)
- Renal tubular function
- Tubular dysfunction
- Investigation of tubular function
- Osmolality measurements in plasma and urine
- The water deprivation test
- Renal tubular acidosis
- Specific proteinuria
- Glycosuria
- Aminoaciduria
- Specific tubular defects
- The Fanconi syndrome
- Renal stones
- 17 Urinalysis
- Procedure
- Glucose
- Bilirubin
- Urobilinogen
- Ketones
- Specific gravity
- pH (hydrogen ion concentration)
- Protein
- Blood
- Nitrite
- Leucocytes
- 18 Proteinuria
- Mechanisms of proteinuria
- Glomerular proteinuria
- Tubular proteinuria
- Overflow proteinuria
- Tamm-Horsfall proteinuria
- Ways of measuring proteinuria
- Dipstick urinalysis
- Protein/creatinine ratio
- Urine protein excretion
- Albumin/creatinine ratio and 'microalbuminuria'
- 19 Acute kidney injury
- Aetiology
- Detection of AKI
- Identifying the cause of AKI
- Acute tubular necrosis
- Management
- Recovery
- 20 Chronic kidney disease
- Consequences of CKD.
- Sodium and water metabolism
- Potassium metabolism
- Acid-base balance
- Calcium and phosphate metabolism
- Erythropoietin synthesis
- Clinical features
- Detection
- Classification
- Management
- Dialysis
- Renal transplant
- 21 Acid-base
- Hydrogen ion concentration [H+]
- H+ production
- Buffering
- Renal handling of H+ and HCO3−
- Assessing status
- Acid-base disorders
- Terminology
- Compensation
- 22 Metabolic acid-base disorders
- Metabolic acidosis
- The anion gap
- Causes of metabolic acidosis
- Clinical effects of acidosis
- Metabolic alkalosis
- Clinical effects of alkalosis
- 23 Respiratory and mixed acid-base disorders
- Respiratory acidosis
- Respiratory alkalosis
- Mixed acid-base disorders
- 24 Acid-base disorders
- Specimens for blood gas analysis
- Interpreting results
- Clinical cases
- Management of acid-base disorders
- 25 Proteins and enzymes
- Enzymes
- Plasma enzymes in disease
- Plasma proteins
- Total protein
- Albumin
- Specific proteins
- Isoenzyme determination
- Cholinesterase
- 26 Immunoglobulins
- Structure
- Electrophoresis of serum proteins
- Increased immunoglobulins
- Paraproteins
- Deficiencies or absence of immunoglobulins
- 27 Myocardial infarction
- Pathology
- Cardiac biomarkers
- Diagnosis
- Definitions
- Acute coronary syndrome
- Myocardial infarction
- 28 Liver function tests
- Introduction
- Liver function tests
- The aminotransferases (ALT and AST)
- Alkaline phosphatase (ALK)
- Bilirubin
- Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT)
- Plasma proteins
- Prothrombin time
- 29 Jaundice
- Biochemical tests
- Differential diagnosis
- Haemolysis
- Extrahepatic biliary obstruction
- Hepatocellular damage
- 30 Liver disease
- Acute liver disease
- Investigation
- Poisoning
- Liver infection
- Outcome
- Hepatic failure
- Chronic liver disease.
- Aetiology
- Clinical features
- Unusual causes of cirrhosis
- Other liver problems
- 31 Glucose metabolism and diabetes mellitus
- Insulin
- Diabetes mellitus
- Type 1 diabetes mellitus
- Type 2 diabetes mellitus
- Late complications of diabetes mellitus
- 32 Diagnosis and monitoring of diabetes mellitus
- Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus
- Plasma glucose
- Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c)
- Monitoring of diabetes
- Self-monitoring
- Ketones in urine or blood
- 33 Diabetic ketoacidosis
- How diabetic ketoacidosis develops
- Treatment
- Laboratory investigations
- Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state (HHS)
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- 34 Hypoglycaemia
- Clinical effects
- Assessment
- Specific causes of hypoglycaemia
- Fasting hypoglycaemia
- Reactive hypoglycaemia
- Diabetic patients
- Neonatal hypoglycaemia
- 35 Calcium regulation and hypocalcaemia
- Calcium homeostasis
- Serum calcium
- Hypocalcaemia
- Clinical features
- Treatment
- 36 Hypercalcaemia
- Clinical features
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Familial benign hypercalcaemia
- 37 Phosphate and magnesium
- Phosphate
- Inorganic phosphate
- Hyperphosphataemia
- Hypophosphataemia
- Magnesium
- Magnesium homeostasis
- Serum magnesium
- Magnesium deficiency
- Laboratory diagnosis
- Management
- 38 Metabolic bone disease
- Bone metabolism
- Common bone disorders
- Osteoporosis
- Osteomalacia and rickets
- Paget's disease of bone
- Other bone diseases
- Biochemistry testing in calcium disorders or bone disease
- 39 Osteoporosis and fragility fractures
- Risk factors
- Diagnosis
- Principles of treatment
- 3 Endocrinology
- 40 Endocrine control
- Biochemical regulators
- Hormone structure
- Assessment of endocrine control
- Types of endocrine control
- Negative feedback
- Positive feedback
- Pitfalls in interpretation
- Dynamic function tests.
- 41 Dynamic function tests
- Insulin stress test
- TRH test
- GnRH test
- Oral glucose tolerance test with GH measurement
- Synacthen tests
- Short Synacthen test
- Long Synacthen test
- Dexamethasone suppression tests
- Low-dose DST
- High-dose DST
- Dynamic function tests - protocol variation
- 42 Pituitary function
- The pituitary gland
- Anterior pituitary hormones
- Hyperprolactinaemia
- Posterior pituitary hormones
- Pituitary tumours
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Hypopituitarism
- 43 Growth disorders and acromegaly
- Normal growth
- Growth hormone insufficiency
- Tests of growth hormone insufficiency
- Treatment
- Excessive growth
- Acromegaly
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- 44 Thyroid pathophysiology
- Goitre
- Thyroid hormone action
- Binding in plasma
- Regulation of thyroid hormone secretion
- Thyroid function tests
- Drugs and the thyroid
- 45 Hypothyroidism
- Clinical features
- Causes
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Screening for neonatal hypothyroidism
- Non-thyroidal illness
- 46 Hyperthyroidism
- Clinical features
- Causes
- Diagnosis
- Treatment
- Thyroid eye disease
- 47 Adrenocortical pathophysiology
- Cortisol
- Adrenal androgens
- Assessing the function of the HPA axis
- Aldosterone
- Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
- Relationship of adrenal cortex and medulla
- 48 Hypofunction of the adrenal cortex
- Adrenal insufficiency
- Clinical features
- Pathogenesis
- Diagnosis
- Random cortisol
- Synacthen tests
- Causes of adrenal insufficiency
- Relative adrenal insufficiency
- 49 Hyperfunction of the adrenal cortex
- Cortisol excess
- Confirming the diagnosis
- Overnight dexamethasone suppression test
- Determining the cause
- Plasma ACTH
- DST
- Androgen excess
- Aldosterone excess
- 50 Gonadal function
- Sex steroid hormones
- Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.
- Male gonadal function.