Introductory medical imaging
This book provides an introduction to the principles of several of the more widely used methods in medical imaging. Intended for engineering students, it provides a final-year undergraduate- or graduate-level introduction to several imaging modalities, including MRI, ultrasound and X-Ray CT. The emp...
| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Electronic |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
San Rafael, Calif. (1537 Fourth Street, San Rafael, CA 94901 USA) :
Morgan & Claypool Publishers,
c2009.
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| Series: | Synthesis lectures on biomedical engineering (Online) ;
# 27. |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Abstract with links to full text |
Table of Contents:
- Introduction
- Diagnostic x-ray imaging
- Basic principles of x-ray imaging
- Ideal description of imaging process
- Relevant physics
- Atomic structure
- Nature of x-rays
- X-ray generation
- X-ray spectra
- X-ray interactions with matter
- Attenuation
- The basics
- Variation of linear attenuation coefficient
- Beam hardening
- Image formation physics
- Film
- Modelling film characteristics
- X-ray image quality
- Broad image quality goals
- The real imaging process
- Geometrical considerations
- Quantum (photon) considerations
- Beam hardening
- Film effects
- Grouping the effects of unsharpness
- Quantitative measures of image quality
- Measures of spatial resolution
- Measures of contrast
- Dosage
- Exposure
- Absorbed dose
- KERMA
- Converting exposure to absorbed dose in air
- Dose in air vs dose in tissue
- Genetic & effective dose equivalents
- Dose and image contrast
- Dose and signal/noise ratio
- Practical issues
- The x-ray source
- Spatial distribution of x-ray photons
- Receptors
- Dosage & contrast issues
- Contrast agents
- Safety
- X-ray CT
- Planar x-rays: review
- Limitations
- Solutions to contrast and depth collapse
- Slicing Fred
- Linear projections
- Basic principle of CT
- Algebraic interpretation
- The central slice theorem
- Demonstration
- Convolution backprojection algorithm
- Backprojection
- Determining h(x)
- Scanning configurations and implementation
- Introduction
- First generation scanners
- Second generation systems
- Third generation scanners
- Fourth generation scanners
- Fifth generation scanners
- 6th generation
- Spiral reconstruction
- Image quality
- Spatial resolution
- Spatial resolution
- Physical factors in spatial resolution
- Density resolution
- CT image artefacts
- Streak & ring artefact
- Patient-related artefacts
- X-ray CT inherent
- Digital image manipulation
- Grey-scale windowing
- ROI selection
- Ultrasonics
- Basic physics
- The intensity of a planewave
- The acoustic impedance
- Propagation of HPW across acoustic interface
- Summary
- Finite aperture excitation
- The Fraunhofer approximation
- Summary
- Real acoustic media
- Attenuation
- Empirical treatment
- Ideal imaging parameters
- Axial resolution
- Lateral resolution
- Constraints
- Summary
- Pulse-echo ultrasonic imaging
- Introduction
- Applications
- Principles of operation
- Acoustic pulse generation
- Scanning geometries
- Implementation
- Linear B-mode
- Signal detection
- Image quality
- Image artefact
- Resolution
- Frame rate
- Doppler velocimetry
- Introduction
- Basic physics
- Reflection vs scattering
- Scattering of ultrasound by blood
- Doppler effect basics
- The continuous wave Doppler flowmeter
- Doppler signal demodulation
- Remarks
- Limitations of the CW flowmeter
- Attributes of the CW flowmeter
- The pulsed wave Doppler flowmeter
- Instrumentation
- Remarks
- Limitations of the pulsed Doppler velocimeter
- Rounding up
- An introduction to MRI
- Introduction
- Books and suggested reading
- Basic principles
- A brief history
- Motion within the atom
- The bare necessities of the QM description
- Classical description
- Orientation
- The net magnetisation vector
- Interacting with M
- The motion of M
- Relaxation processes
- The Bloch equations
- Significance of T1 and T2
- T2 vs T2
- Summary of relaxation
- Basic sequences
- Free induction decay
- Partial saturation
- Saturation recovery
- Inversion recovery sequence
- The spin echo sequence
- Contrast
- Proton density weighting
- T2 weighted
- T1 weighted
- Brain tissue contrast: example
- Summary
- Where's that echo coming from?
- Slice selection
- In-plane localisation
- Frequency encoding
- The signal detection process
- k-space
- Practically speaking
- Wrapping up
- Wave equations for ultrasound
- Derivation of the HWE
- The continuous medium
- The 3D acoustic wave equation
- Mathematical conventions used
- Convolution
- Sifting property
- Fourier transform
- Polar integrals.