Table of Contents:
  • General Introduction and Formulation of the Problem
  • Succession, the Climax Forest and the Role of Large Herbivores
  • Palynology, the Forest as Climax in Prehistoric Times and the Effects of Humans
  • The Use of the Wilderness from the Middle Ages up to 1900
  • Spontaneous Succession in Forest Reserves in the Lowlands of Western and Central Europe
  • Establishment of Trees and Shrubs in Relation to Light and Grazing
  • Final Synthesis and Conclusions.