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Physics of the Upper Polar Atmosphere

This is the� only� extended textbook that covers in particular the physics of the upper polar atmosphere where the polar lights demonstrates the end product of a process taking place at extremely high latitudes between the solar wind and the upper polar atmosphere. A textboook that meets the modern...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Brekke, Asgeir. (Author)
Corporate Author: SpringerLink (Online service)
Format: Electronic
Language:English
Published: Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer Berlin Heidelberg : Imprint: Springer, 2013.
Series:Springer Atmospheric Sciences,
Subjects:
Environmental sciences.
Meteorology.
Astrophysics.
Physical geography.
Environment.
Environmental Physics.
Meteorology/Climatology.
Extraterrestrial Physics, Space Sciences.
Atmospheric Sciences.
Online Access:https://ezaccess.library.uitm.edu.my/login?url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27401-5
Table of Contents:
  • 1.�The Sun as a radiation source
  • 1.1 General about the Sun�
  • 1.2 The solar atmosphere
  • 1.3 The electromagnetic radiation from the Sun�
  • 1.4 Plancks radiation law
  • 1.5 The greenhouse effect
  • 1.6 Radiowave emissions from the Sun.-1.7 The sunspots - Solar cycle.-1.8 The electromagnetic radiation from the disturbed Sun.-� � 1.9 Particle emissions from the quiet Sun.-1.10 Fluid flow in a nozzle
  • 1.11 The solar wind equation
  • 1.12 The frozen-in field concept� 1.13 The garden hose effect
  • 1.14 Exercises.-�2. The atmosphere of the Earth 2.1 Nomenclature
  • 2.2 The temperature structure of the atmosphere
  • 2.3 Atmospheric drag on satellites
  • � 2.4 The atmosphere as an ideal gas
  • 2.5 The exosphere
  • 2.6 Height-dependent temperature
  • 2.7 The adiabatic lapse rate.-�2.8 Diffusion
  • 2.9 The equation of motion of the neutral gas
  • 2.10 The geostrophic and thermal winds
  • 2.11 The wind systems of the upper atmosphere.-�2.12 Observations of the neutral wind
  • 2.13 Collisions between particles
  • 2.14 Collisions in gases with different temperatures
  • 2.15 Drag effects
  • 2.16 Thermospheric neutral winds
  • 2.17 The E-region winds
  • 2.18 Observations of E-region neutral winds
  • 2.19 The vertical motion
  • 2.20 Exercises
  • 3. The Earth's magnetic field and magnetosphere
  • 3.1 An historical introduction
  • 3.2 Description of the Earth's magnetic field
  • 3.3 Mathematical representation of the Earth's magnetic system
  • 3.4 Secular variations in the Earth's magnetic field
  • 3.5 Tracing the magnetic field lines
  • 3.6 E-field mapping along conducting magnetic field lines
  • 3.7 The source of the magnetic field of the Earth
  • 3.8 The unipolar inductor.-�3.9 The magnetic field away from the Earth.-� 3.10 The magnetic tail
  • 3.11 Magnetic field merging
  • 3.12 Effects of the magnetic force
  • 3.13 The energy flux into the magnetosphere.-3.14 Some aspects of the energy balance
  • 3.15 Magnetic field convection
  • 3.16 High-latitude convection patterns and field-aligned currents 3.17 Exercises�
  • 4. The ionosphere
  • 4.1 The production of ionization by solar radiation
  • 4.2 The ionization profile of the upper atmosphere
  • 4.3 The Chapman ionization profile
  • 4.4 The recombination process
  • 4.5 The O+ dominant ionosphere
  • 4.6 Ambipolar diffusion
  • 4.7 Multicomponent topside ionosphere
  • 4.8 Diffusion in the presence of a magnetic field
  • 4.9 The E-layer ionization and recombination
  • 4.10 The time constant of the recombination process.-4.11 The D-region ionization and recombination
  • 4.12 Equatorial fountain effect
  • 4.13 Ferraro's theorem
  • 4.14 The magnetospheric convection close to the Earth� 4.15 Exercises�.-5 Currents in the ionosphere
  • 5.1 The steady-state approach
  • 5.2 Rotation of the ion velocity by height in the ionosphere
  • 5.3 The current density in the ionosphere
  • 5.4 Height-dependent currents and heating rates
  • 5.5 Heating due to collisions
  • 5.6 Heating of an oscillating electric field
  • 5.7 Currents due to gravity and diffusion
  • 5.8 Exercises.-�6. Magnetic fluctuations in response to height-integrated currents
  • 6.1 Height-integrated currents and conductance
  • 6.2 Magnetic field fluctuations from auroral currents
  • � 6.3 Equivalent current systems
  • 6.4 Equivalent currents at different latitudes
  • 6.5 The Sq current system
  • 6.6 Mapping of E-fields in the ionosphere
  • 6.7 Polarization fields around an auroral arc
  • 6.8 Currents related to an auroral arc
  • 6.9 Exercises
  • 7 The aurora
  • � 7.1 An historical introduction
  • 7.2 The height of the aurora
  • 7.3 The occurrence frequency of the aurora
  • 7.4 The global distribution of the aurora
  • 7.5 The auroral appearance
  • 7.6 Auroral particles
  • 7.7 Precipitation patterns of auroral particles
  • 7.8 The energy deposition profiles of auroral particles
  • 7.9 Deriving energy spectra from electron density profiles
  • 7.10 Excitation processes in the aurora.-7.11 The quenching process
  • 7.12 The proton aurora
  • 7.13 Exercises� References� Symbols� Index.

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